Author Archives: support

Delays Persist in Financial Justice for Older Americans and Veterans

When a bank wrongly charges fees, a debt collector pursues someone over a disputed bill, or a mortgage servicer misapplies payments, Americans do have a formal path for recourse: the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Filing a complaint with the CFPB is not simply an act of frustration, like posting a review online. Companies are legally obligated to respond within a defined timeframe, typically within 15 days. This legal requirement distinguishes the CFPB from most other consumer complaint channels, giving it a level of authority that ensures companies must engage with the issue rather than ignore it.

“The CFPB complaint has some legal teeth to it, and the company has to respond,” said Mayank Kejriwal, Principal Scientist at USC’s Information Sciences Institute and Research Associate Professor at the USC Viterbi School of Engineering. He co-authored a study published in PNAS Nexus examining how companies respond to complaints. Because responses are mandatory, the research did not focus on whether companies replied, but rather on how long they took. The distinction is crucial, as response time becomes the real indicator of how effectively the system serves different groups.

Analysing more than 1.27 million complaints filed between 2014 and 2022, the researchers found that response rates were consistently high—exceeding 98% across all populations. On the surface, this suggests a system functioning as intended. However, a deeper look reveals a persistent and widening disparity: older Americans and service members tend to receive slower responses than the general population. While nearly all complaints are acknowledged, the timeliness of those responses varies in ways that disproportionately affect more vulnerable groups.

For service members, including active-duty personnel, reservists, and veterans, slower response times appeared every year in the dataset. The gap reached its peak in 2016 at 1.8 percentage points before narrowing somewhat, settling at 0.3 points by 2022. The pattern for older Americans is more concerning. In 2014, seniors experienced slightly faster responses than average, but that advantage gradually disappeared. By 2017, parity had been reached, and by 2022, older adults were experiencing the slowest response times among all groups, indicating a clear and unfavourable shift over time.

Socioeconomic conditions further intensified these disparities. Older individuals living in economically disadvantaged areas faced the longest delays observed in the study. At the same time, the data likely underestimates the true extent of the problem. The individuals captured in CFPB records are those who were aware of the system, believed it could help, and were able to navigate the complaint process. Many others—particularly those facing technological barriers, low financial literacy, or unstable living conditions—are excluded entirely, meaning the most vulnerable populations may not be represented in the data at all.

The CFPB, established in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, remains a central mechanism for consumer financial protection in the United States. Yet its effectiveness depends heavily on both access and processing efficiency. Complaints from older Americans often involve more complex issues such as medical debt, foreclosure, or fraud, requiring additional documentation and time to resolve. Combined with gaps in knowledge about how to file effective complaints, these factors can slow the process further. As Kejriwal suggests, targeted support to help vulnerable groups submit clearer, more complete complaints could reduce these disparities and improve outcomes for those who rely most on the system.

More information: Yidan Sun et al, Examining persistent inequities in financial complaint resolution for older Americans and veterans in the United States, PNAS Nexus. DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag086

Journal information: PNAS Nexus Provided by University of Southern California

Perfectionism at work may shift focus from self-standards to managerial expectations, study finds

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For many employees who experience perfectionism in their work, the challenge is not only about setting high personal standards. New research suggests that outcomes may depend more on how well those standards align with what their supervisors expect. In other words, the impact of perfectionism is shaped by the relationship between individual expectations and managerial demands.

A study conducted at the University of Florida Warrington College of Business examined how different forms of perfectionism interact in the workplace. The researchers focused on two key perspectives: employees’ self-imposed standards and supervisors’ expectations of their staff. Rather than viewing perfectionism as purely beneficial or harmful, the study explored how these perspectives combine to influence work experiences.

Drawing on data from hundreds of employees and their supervisors, the findings indicate that alignment plays a central role. When employees clearly understand what is expected of them and feel that their own standards are in step with those expectations, they are more likely to experience clarity in their roles. This sense of clarity is associated with more positive outcomes, including stronger performance, greater job satisfaction and lower levels of burnout.

By contrast, difficulties tend to emerge when expectations are not well matched. Employees may feel uncertain about what is required of them, why certain standards matter or how their work will be evaluated. This lack of clarity can lead to increased stress and less favourable outcomes overall. The research highlights that mismatches—especially when supervisors demand more than employees expect of themselves—can be particularly challenging, often resulting in higher burnout and reduced satisfaction at work.

The findings suggest that both employees and employers can take practical steps to improve alignment. For individuals, having open conversations with supervisors about priorities, performance standards and evaluation criteria can help reduce uncertainty. For organisations, providing consistent feedback and ensuring expectations are clearly communicated can support a better understanding on both sides. Thoughtful pairing of employees and supervisors may also help minimise mismatched expectations, ultimately contributing to healthier and more effective workplace environments.

More information: Brian Swider et al, The influence of employee-supervisor perfectionism (in)congruence on employees: a configurational approach, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2026.104475

Journal information: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Provided by University of Florida

From Food Waste to Climate Fix: Study Reveals Low-Cost Emission Cuts with Biochar

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A new study suggests that converting food waste into biochar could provide a compelling and cost-effective way to remove greenhouse gases while tackling the growing challenge of waste management. By reframing food waste not as a burden but as a resource, the research highlights a promising pathway that links environmental sustainability with practical waste solutions. The findings contribute to a broader shift towards circular economy approaches, where materials are continuously repurposed rather than discarded.

The researchers focused on digestate, a by-product generated through the anaerobic digestion of food waste. While anaerobic digestion is widely used to produce renewable energy, the leftover digestate often presents disposal challenges due to its high moisture content and potential contamination. The study demonstrates that this material can instead be transformed into stable biochar and applied to agricultural soils, effectively converting a problematic residue into a valuable climate asset.

Through a process involving hydrothermal carbonisation followed by high-temperature treatment, digestate can be converted into a carbon-rich, stable form of biochar. This material is particularly notable for its resistance to degradation, allowing carbon to remain stored in soils for extended periods, potentially lasting centuries. By locking carbon into the ground in this way, the process offers a reliable method of long-term carbon sequestration.

Quantitatively, the study estimates that each tonne of biochar produced can remove between 1.15 and 1.20 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent from the atmosphere. This removal is primarily driven by the stability of the carbon embedded within the biochar structure. Such performance places biochar among the more effective carbon removal strategies currently under investigation, particularly when considering its dual role in both waste management and emissions reduction.

The economic analysis presented in the study is equally noteworthy. When biochar production facilities are situated close to existing anaerobic digestion plants, the cost of greenhouse gas removal can fall below £100 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. This level of affordability positions the approach as competitive with, and in some cases more attractive than, other emerging carbon removal technologies. However, the study also emphasises that transportation logistics are critical, as moving wet digestate over long distances can significantly increase both costs and emissions.

Beyond its climate mitigation potential, biochar application to soils may offer additional environmental benefits. The material has been shown to improve soil structure, enhance water retention, and support nutrient availability, which could reduce reliance on synthetic fertilisers. While these co-benefits are promising, the researchers note that further field-based studies are needed to understand their impact under real-world agricultural conditions fully.

Looking ahead, the study explores future deployment scenarios, particularly within the United Kingdom, where utilising a portion of projected food waste digestate could yield measurable emissions reductions. On a global scale, the implications are even more significant, given the vast quantities of food waste generated annually. The researchers conclude that with supportive policies, appropriate infrastructure, and economic incentives such as waste processing fees, biochar production from food waste could become a vital component of strategies aimed at achieving net zero emissions while advancing a more sustainable and circular economy.

More information: Disni Gamaralalage et al, Biowaste to biochar: a techno-economic and life cycle assessment of biochar production from food-waste digestate and its agricultural field application, Biochar. DOI: 10.1007/s42773-025-00456-0

Journal information: Biochar Provided by Biochar Editorial Office, Shenyang Agricultural University

Quitting Tobacco Has the Potential to Strengthen Finances for 20 Million+ Households in India

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Quitting tobacco could unlock a meaningful financial shift for more than 20 million households in India, according to a recent economic analysis published in BMJ Global Health. The findings suggest that reducing or eliminating spending on tobacco products may significantly strengthen household finances, with effects that ripple beyond health and into everyday economic stability. While the benefits are expected to be most pronounced among rural and lower-income populations, the study also highlights that millions of middle-income families could experience measurable financial improvement.

Tobacco use remains heavily concentrated in low- and middle-income countries, where it consumes a notable share of already constrained household budgets. In India, this pattern is particularly evident. The researchers emphasise that money spent on tobacco often comes at the expense of essential needs such as food, education, and healthcare. When combined with the broader economic burden of tobacco-related illness—including treatment costs, reduced productivity, and premature mortality—the global losses exceed US$1 trillion annually. These figures underscore the dual health and economic pressures that tobacco imposes on individuals and societies alike.

To better understand the scale of potential economic gains, the study analysed data from the Indian National Sample Survey 2022–23 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey. This large, nationally representative dataset included over 261,000 households, the majority of which were located in rural areas. The survey captured detailed spending patterns, including tobacco consumption across a wide range of products such as bidis, cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco. By applying established economic methods to estimate household expenditure, the researchers were able to assess how financial resources might be redistributed if tobacco spending were reduced or eliminated.

The results reveal a striking pattern: poorer households devote a larger proportion of their income to tobacco than wealthier ones. Among the lowest-income groups, tobacco accounted for over 6% of monthly per-person expenditure, compared with just 2% among the richest households. Rural households consistently spent a higher share on tobacco across all income levels, suggesting that social norms, accessibility, and cultural factors may play a role. This uneven distribution highlights how tobacco use can reinforce existing economic inequalities, placing a heavier burden on those least able to afford it.

When the researchers modelled the potential effects of quitting tobacco, the findings were compelling. An estimated 20.5 million households—around 11% of the total—could move up at least one economic tier. The impact would be especially strong in rural areas, where approximately 17 million households could experience upward mobility, compared with 3.5 million in urban settings. Even among middle-income groups, millions of households could transition into higher economic categories. In a smaller number of cases, families could move up two or even three economic levels, illustrating the substantial financial shift that reduced tobacco spending could enable.

Although the study is based on projections rather than direct observation, it offers an important perspective on tobacco use as more than a health issue. The researchers caution that savings from tobacco cessation may not automatically be redirected towards essential goods. Nevertheless, the evidence suggests that tobacco consumption acts as a barrier to economic progress for many households. By freeing up financial resources, quitting tobacco could support better nutrition, improved access to healthcare, and greater investment in education—particularly for children in vulnerable communities. In this sense, tobacco cessation emerges not only as a public health priority but also as a powerful tool for economic development and poverty reduction.

More information: Montu Bose et al, The economics of quitting: estimating the uplift potential of Indian households through tobacco cessation, BMJ Global Health. DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2025-019903

Journal information: BMJ Global Health Provided by BMJ Group

Framework Sheds Light on Small Business Exposure to Supply Chain Risks

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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are widely recognised as the backbone of developing economies, driving employment, innovation, and local growth. Despite their importance, they remain especially vulnerable when supply chains are disrupted. In India, past supply chain shocks have affected a vast majority of small firms, with manufacturing businesses bearing the brunt of the impact. Many of these enterprises continue to face lingering challenges, struggling to stabilise operations and regain their footing in an increasingly uncertain environment.

A recent study published in the Risk Sciences journal by KeAi introduces a novel quantitative framework aimed at helping SMEs better understand and manage supply chain risks. Developed by a team of researchers, the framework provides a structured way for small firms to assess vulnerabilities and take proactive measures to strengthen resilience. By offering a practical and systematic approach, the study seeks to bridge a long-standing gap in risk management tools available to resource-constrained businesses.

According to the corresponding author, Sudipta Ghosh from the Indian Institute of Packaging, most traditional risk assessment methods are tailored to large corporations that have access to extensive historical data and dedicated risk management teams. SMEs in developing economies rarely have such advantages. As a result, the research team focused on designing a framework that could rely primarily on expert knowledge while still producing meaningful and actionable insights for decision-makers.

To build this framework, the researchers integrated two well-established methodologies: the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which prioritises risks based on expert judgement, and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), which evaluates risks according to their likelihood and severity. This combined approach was tested through a real-world case study involving a manufacturing SME in India that experienced a complete supply chain breakdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. The case study provided a practical context to validate the framework’s effectiveness.

Through an extensive literature review and consultation with a panel of 30 experts from both industry and academia, the study identified 11 critical hazards affecting supply chains. These ranged from shortages of raw materials and inventory stockouts to disruptions in distribution networks and fluctuations in demand. The findings revealed that the enterprise under study fell within a high-risk category overall. Notably, internal operational risks—particularly those related to procurement and production—were found to pose a greater threat than external disruptions. Co-author Deeya Bandyopadhyay from the Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management highlighted that improving internal processes such as procurement strategies and inventory management could significantly enhance resilience.

Importantly, the study did not stop at identifying risks; it also proposed targeted mitigation strategies for each major hazard. These included diversifying suppliers, maintaining buffer stock, and synchronising multiple distribution channels. When these measures were applied, residual risk levels dropped to acceptable thresholds, demonstrating the tangible benefits of proactive risk management. The framework is intentionally designed to be accessible, requiring neither costly software nor advanced technical expertise. This makes it especially valuable for SMEs operating in emerging economies, where resources are often limited but the need for resilience is critical.

More information: Sudipta Ghosh et al, Reinforcing small- and medium-sized enterprises’ resilience to future disruptions: A novel decision-making framework for supply chain risk quantification, Risk Sciences. DOI: 10.1016/j.risk.2026.100052

Journal information: Risk Sciences Provided by KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.

Audiences Prefer Real-Time Streaming to Recorded Footage

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At a time when most TikTok content is filmed in advance, an interesting question emerges: could a band launching a new single build a stronger connection with fans by going live instead? Similarly, might businesses achieve greater impact by unveiling products through livestreams rather than pre-recorded videos? New research from the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas at Austin suggests that both musicians and brands may indeed benefit from choosing real-time formats.

The rise of livestreaming has been striking, particularly since the pandemic accelerated digital engagement. The global livestreaming market is projected to grow substantially, expanding from approximately $100 billion in 2024 to an estimated $345 billion by 2030. At the same time, nearly one in three internet users now watches livestreams at least weekly on social media platforms, indicating that real-time content has become an increasingly embedded part of everyday online behaviour.

Adrian Ward, an associate professor of marketing, became interested in this phenomenon through his own experience. While watching a livestreamed town hall meeting, he found himself unusually absorbed, feeling almost as though he were physically present. Reflecting on the experience, he realised that the immediacy of the broadcast—rather than just the speaker’s message—played a crucial role in capturing his attention. This observation prompted a broader question about how digital environments might foster deeper feelings of connection.

Working with Alixandra Barasch from the University of Colorado Boulder and Nofar Duani from the University of Southern California, Ward explored what they describe as the “mere liveness effect”. This concept suggests that simply knowing content is unfolding in real time can heighten a viewer’s sense of connection to what they are watching. To examine this idea, the researchers conducted five experiments involving approximately 3,500 participants, comparing responses to livestreamed and pre-recorded content under different conditions.

Across these experiments, participants engaged with a range of viewing scenarios. Some selected either live or recorded videos on Twitch, while others watched a performance by the R&B cover band Sunny and the Black Pack, either as a live YouTube broadcast or as a recording viewed the following day. In another setup, the researchers created a controlled streaming environment in which identical videos were presented as either live or pre-recorded, allowing them to isolate the psychological effects of perceived liveness.

The findings consistently pointed to meaningful differences in audience experience. Viewers reported feeling more connected to performers when watching live content, with one experiment showing a seven-percentage-point increase in perceived connection. Enjoyment also rose modestly, with live viewers expressing slightly higher levels of satisfaction. Perhaps most notably, engagement increased: participants were more likely to continue watching, as well as to follow or subscribe to creators presenting content in real time. These effects were linked to a stronger sense of presence, with viewers feeling mentally transported into the event as it unfolded.

However, the researchers also identified factors that could diminish this effect. For instance, when performers’ faces were not visible—such as when only a musician’s hands were shown—viewers reported weaker feelings of connection despite the content being live. This suggests that visual cues of human presence remain important in reinforcing the psychological impact of livestreaming.

Overall, the research highlights important implications for marketers, content creators, and platform designers. As more people turn to digital spaces to fulfil social and emotional needs, livestreaming offers a way to foster immediacy and shared experience. Ward’s ongoing work aims to explore whether this heightened sense of connection can translate into stronger brand trust or increased sales. Ultimately, the appeal of livestreaming appears to lie in its ability to create moments that feel shared and authentic, allowing audiences to engage with others in a way that feels more immediate and real.

More information: Nofar Duani et al, The Liveness Lift: Viewing Live Streams Creates Connection and Enhances Engagement in Amateur Music Performances, Journal of Marketing. DOI: 10.1177/00222429261421488

Journal information: Journal of Marketing Provided by University of Texas at Austin

Economic Momentum Shifts from Age to Skills

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Drawing on detailed data from 336 cities between 2000 and 2020, the research shows that China’s long-standing demographic advantage—once powered by a large working-age population—has been steadily overtaken by a new engine of growth: the skills of its workforce. For decades, economic expansion benefited from a favourable age structure, with a high proportion of working-age individuals relative to children and older adults. However, as population ageing accelerates, this advantage is diminishing, prompting a critical reassessment of what will sustain growth in the years ahead.

As lead author Hengyu Gu, Assistant Professor at Nanjing University, explains, past economic gains were closely tied to demographic conditions that are no longer guaranteed. “For decades, economic growth benefited from having many working-age people compared to children and older adults. But as populations age, this advantage is fading. We needed to understand what comes next, and whether growth can still continue.” This shift in perspective reflects a broader concern: whether ageing societies can maintain economic momentum without relying on sheer labour force size.

The study was motivated by a wider effort to evaluate China’s long-term economic prospects in the face of demographic transition. Specifically, it sought to determine whether improvements in workforce skills could offset the economic pressures associated with a shrinking and ageing population. The researchers examined not only the decline of the traditional demographic dividend but also the potential emergence of a new, skill-based foundation for growth, capable of sustaining productivity and innovation.

Findings from the study point to a clear turning point. China’s age-related advantage peaked around 2010 and has been in decline since, marking a transition away from growth driven primarily by labour force size. At the same time, the skill composition of the workforce has continued to improve, playing an increasingly central role in economic expansion. Importantly, the analysis reveals an interaction between these forces: a more favourable age structure can enhance the economic returns to skills. Together, these dynamics suggest that future growth will depend less on how many workers an economy has and more on what those workers are capable of doing.

To capture this transformation, the authors developed a novel approach to measuring workforce skills. Rather than relying solely on educational attainment, their method incorporates the actual tasks performed in jobs across different cities. This allows for a more nuanced understanding of the skill content embedded within local labour markets and provides a clearer picture of how the balance between high- and low-skill tasks contributes to economic performance. As coauthor Yingju Wu, a PhD candidate at Nanjing University, notes, “The key question was whether China can keep growing as its population ages and the workforce shrinks, and what will drive that growth in the future.”

Overall, the findings highlight a fundamental shift from a demographic dividend to a skill-based one, with significant implications for policymakers worldwide. As Guillaume Marois of the IIASA Population and Just Societies Program emphasises, ageing does not eliminate the growth potential but transforms its underlying drivers. Similarly, Wolfgang Lutz underscores that population ageing need not lead to economic decline if countries invest in skills and productivity. The message is clear: sustaining growth in an ageing world will depend less on expanding population size and more on enhancing the capabilities of the workforce.

More information: Hengyu Gu et al, China’s demographic dividend has moved from age-based labor supply to skill-based productivity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2532906123

Journal information: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Provided by International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

From Chance to Insight: Harnessing the Benefits of Serendipitous Outcomes

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Superglue, penicillin, X-rays, and the pacemaker all share a common origin: they emerged from unexpected outcomes rather than carefully planned discoveries. These so-called “happy accidents” occurred when individuals set out to achieve one goal but instead stumbled upon something even more valuable. Such examples raise an intriguing question—can this kind of serendipity be deliberately encouraged, particularly within organisational settings?

Researchers at Cornell University suggest that it can. Their work indicates that reflecting on unintended outcomes—whether successful or not—may enhance creativity and idea generation. Rather than focusing solely on moments when everything proceeded according to plan, individuals may benefit from revisiting experiences where things deviated from expectations. These reflections appear to stimulate more expansive and innovative thinking.

Alexander Fulmer, an assistant professor of marketing and the study’s corresponding author, explains that prompting individuals to recall times when events did not unfold as intended can have a measurable effect. Participants who engaged in such reflection generated a greater number of ideas during brainstorming exercises. Moreover, these ideas were assessed as being of higher quality compared to those produced by individuals who reflected only on situations that went exactly as planned.

The research, published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, combined both field and laboratory studies. In one field experiment, marketing and sales employees at a confectionery company were divided into two groups. One group reflected on a presentation that had gone according to plan, while the other reflected on a presentation that had not. Afterwards, all participants were asked to generate ideas for a marketing campaign promoting an existing product.

The results were notable. Employees who reflected on unplanned outcomes generated significantly more ideas on average than those who reflected on planned experiences. This pattern was consistently replicated across additional laboratory studies. The researchers propose that this effect may be linked to individuals’ psychological need for control. When people recall situations where outcomes were unpredictable, they may feel a temporary loss of control, which in turn motivates them to compensate by thinking more creatively and generating a wider range of ideas.

For organisations, these findings suggest a practical approach to fostering innovation. Managers can intentionally incorporate reflective exercises that focus on past missteps or unexpected results, thereby encouraging employees to think more broadly. This can be particularly valuable in early stages of processes such as new product development, where generating a high volume of ideas is critical. By embracing rather than avoiding unplanned experiences, organisations may unlock a richer and more creative pool of possibilities.

More information: Taly Reich et al, Unintentional Outcomes as a Catalyst for Brainstorming, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. DOI: 10.1177/01461672261435656

Journal information: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Provided by Cornell University

University of Bath Study Raises Concerns Over AI’s Impact on Human Expertise and Decision-Making

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Human resources and people managers are being urged to approach the use of artificial intelligence in the workplace with care, particularly when it is introduced to enhance efficiency and strengthen human capital. New research from the University of Bath School of Management suggests that while AI can offer clear operational benefits, organisations must actively safeguard creativity and critical thinking. Without deliberate strategies, there is a risk that the very capabilities that underpin long-term performance and innovation could be weakened rather than strengthened.

According to Dirk Lindebaum, author of the study On the Dangers of Large-Language Model Mediated Learning for Human Capital, AI is often presented as a straightforward solution for improving productivity. It promises faster problem-solving, tailored responses, and streamlined workflows. However, he cautions that such claims should not be accepted uncritically. The apparent efficiency gains may obscure deeper consequences for how employees learn, think, and engage with their work. Human knowledge, the research emphasises, is not a single, uniform construct but a collection of distinct forms, each interacting differently with AI technologies.

Some types of knowledge appear partially compatible with AI, particularly encoded knowledge—such as formal rules, procedures, policies, and datasets—and embedded knowledge, which includes structured routines and digitised processes. In these areas, AI can support tasks like updating documentation, improving compliance, and refining workflows, offering what may seem like quick and attractive gains for managers. Yet even within these domains, risks remain, as employees may gradually disengage from the underlying processes.

Over time, this reliance can erode familiarity and reduce the depth of expertise needed to manage exceptions, adapt to change, or identify errors. What initially appears to be an efficiency gain may, in practice, result in a more fragile workforce with diminished practical understanding. More concerning, the study identifies several forms of knowledge that are fundamentally incompatible with AI, including embodied knowledge developed through hands-on experience, encultured knowledge shaped by shared norms, and embrained knowledge involving analytical reasoning and problem-solving.

These forms of knowledge depend on real-world interaction, sensory engagement, and repeated practice, and cannot be effectively acquired through exposure to AI-generated outputs alone. The researchers warn that over-reliance on AI for thinking, interpretation, and decision-making may lead to a gradual decline in these critical capabilities. As employees begin to outsource cognitive tasks to automated systems, organisations risk creating a dependency that undermines resilience, decision quality, and ultimately long-term performance.

To mitigate these risks, the study recommends that HR leaders design work environments that preserve experiential learning and human interaction through mentoring, shadowing, and collaborative problem-solving. It also proposes the creation of “learning vaults”—protected spaces within organisations and educational settings where critical and creative skills can be developed without heavy reliance on AI. Similar in spirit to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, these environments would safeguard essential human capabilities and ensure that employees retain the adaptive, experience-based knowledge required to sustain strong human capital in an increasingly automated world.

More information: Dirk Lindebaum et al, On the Dangers of Large-Language Model Mediated Learning for Human Capital, Human Resource Management Journal. DOI: 10.1111/1748-8583.70036

Journal information: Human Resource Management Journal Provided by University of Bath

Africa’s Climate Equation: How Digital Growth, Renewable Energy, and Trade Drive Emissions

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Climate change is an intensifying global concern that requires coordinated and sustained responses to reduce its far-reaching impacts. For Africa, where many countries are pursuing rapid economic development, the challenge is particularly complex. Progress in infrastructure, technology, and trade must be balanced against environmental sustainability. Understanding how these forces interact—especially the roles of digital expansion, energy choices, and economic growth—is essential for shaping effective policies. Recent research sheds light on this intersection by analysing how information and communication technologies (ICT), renewable energy consumption, trade imports, and economic development collectively influence carbon emissions across African nations. The goal is to inform pathways towards low-carbon growth that align with broader sustainable development priorities.

The study draws on a comprehensive dataset covering 29 African countries over the period from 2001 to 2020. Researchers from multiple universities applied a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PARDL) model to explore both short-term and long-term relationships among key variables. These included per capita carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption, ICT indicators such as mobile subscriptions, and trade imports, all sourced from the World Development Indicators database. By accounting for country-specific variations and temporal dynamics, the analysis provides a robust framework for understanding how structural differences across nations shape environmental outcomes.

One of the most significant findings highlights the beneficial role of renewable energy in reducing emissions. The analysis shows that a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption is associated with a 0.14% reduction in per capita carbon dioxide emissions over the long term. Given that a considerable proportion of Africa’s population already relies on renewable energy sources, there is strong potential to expand these gains further. Scaling up access to clean energy—particularly in underserved and rural communities—could substantially lower emissions while also improving energy security and quality of life.

In contrast, the expansion of certain ICT components appears to contribute to rising emissions. The study finds that increased mobile cellular subscriptions are linked to higher carbon output, with a 1% increase associated with a 0.08% rise in emissions over time. Although digital technologies drive economic efficiency and connectivity, they also demand energy for device production, network infrastructure, and data processing. This creates a dual challenge: harnessing the developmental benefits of ICT while mitigating its environmental footprint. Promoting energy-efficient technologies and integrating renewable energy into digital infrastructure are critical steps in addressing this tension.

Trade dynamics present a more nuanced picture. Interestingly, the import of goods and services is associated with a reduction in emissions, with a 1% increase in imports corresponding to a 0.27% decline in per capita carbon dioxide emissions. This may reflect the displacement of more carbon-intensive domestic production or increased access to cleaner technologies from abroad. However, economic growth itself remains strongly linked to higher emissions, as increases in GDP per capita are associated with significant rises in carbon output. This underscores the central dilemma facing many African countries: how to pursue industrialisation and economic expansion without exacerbating environmental degradation.

Overall, the findings point to the need for carefully designed, integrated policy approaches. Expanding renewable energy offers a clear and effective route to emissions reduction, but it must be complemented by strategies that address the environmental costs of digitalisation and growth. Strengthening data collection systems across the continent is also essential, as gaps in reliable information limit the scope of analysis and policy planning. With more comprehensive data and coordinated action, African countries can better navigate the balance between development and sustainability, advancing towards a future that supports both economic progress and environmental resilience.

More information: Robert Ugochukwu Onyeneke et al, Impact of Information and Communication Technologies and Renewable Energy Consumption on Carbon Emissions in Africa, Carbon Research. DOI: 10.1007/s44246-024-00130-3

Journal information: Carbon Research Provided by Biochar Editorial Office, Shenyang Agricultural University

Accelerator Programmes Falling Short for Women Entrepreneurs, Research Suggests

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Accelerator programmes are often promoted as powerful springboards for entrepreneurs, offering mentorship, training, and the skills needed to drive ventures towards success. In principle, they are designed to level the playing field by equipping founders with the tools and networks required to grow. However, emerging research suggests that these benefits are not experienced equally, particularly when it comes to women entrepreneurs operating in different social and economic contexts.

The findings indicate that in countries where gender inequality remains pronounced, women-led businesses that participate in accelerator programmes do not necessarily see improved financial outcomes. In some cases, they may even perform worse than comparable ventures that applied but were not accepted. This challenges the assumption that participation alone is enough to generate positive results and highlights the importance of context in shaping outcomes.

As Sarah Kaplan observed, this pattern was especially evident in programmes explicitly focused on women’s empowerment. Working alongside Nilanjana Dutt, she set out to examine whether accelerators were truly helping to narrow gender gaps in entrepreneurial success. Their work focused on social innovation accelerators, which tend to attract more women than traditional, technology-oriented programmes.
The researchers analysed data from over 1,400 ventures across 65 countries, all of which had applied to 33 accelerator programmes between 2013 and 2015. Using data from the Global Accelerator Learning Initiative, they were able to compare ventures that were accepted into programmes with those that were not. At a surface level, the results suggested that women-led ventures benefited less than those led by men, but a deeper analysis revealed a more complex picture.

In countries with higher levels of gender equality, accelerators were found to be highly effective in supporting women entrepreneurs, particularly when programmes had a clear focus on empowerment. In these contexts, the financial gains for women-led ventures were both meaningful and significant. By contrast, in less egalitarian settings, accelerators appeared less effective, possibly because their offerings were not well aligned with the structural barriers women face, such as restricted access to finance or limited institutional support.

Even within more equal environments, disparities persisted. Women were less likely to be accepted into accelerator programmes than men, regardless of whether the programmes prioritised women’s empowerment or included more women in selection roles. This raises important questions about how decisions are made and whether current models adequately recognise the needs and potential of women entrepreneurs. For founders, the findings suggest that applying to an accelerator should be approached as a two-way decision—carefully considering whether a programme truly aligns with their goals and circumstances.

More information: Nilanjana Dutt et al, Overcoming barriers? The mixed results of social innovation accelerator programs for women entrepreneurs, Strategic Management Journal. DOI: 10.1002/smj.70064

Journal information: Strategic Management Journal Provided by University of Toronto, Rotman School of Management

Do TV Ads Make an Impact? Smart TVs Reveal All

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Despite all the excitement around streaming platforms, traditional broadcast television still attracts the largest share of advertising spending. This year, companies are expected to spend about $139 billion on “linear” TV—where viewers watch scheduled programmes—compared with roughly $33 billion on streaming or connected TV. Even in a rapidly changing media landscape, broadcast television continues to play a dominant role in how brands reach large audiences.

Yet, after decades of television advertising, measuring its true impact remains surprisingly difficult. Systems like Nielsen track both viewing and purchasing behaviour, but only for a relatively small sample of around 42,000 households. This limited scope makes it challenging for advertisers to understand whether their campaigns are actually driving sales. As a result, many decisions about TV advertising are still based on estimates rather than precise evidence.

This uncertainty echoes a well-known quote often cited in marketing. As explained by Rex Du from the University of Texas at Austin, retailer John Wanamaker once remarked that half of his advertising budget was wasted—he did not know which half. In contrast, digital advertising offers clearer insights by linking clicks directly to online purchases. This ability to track results more accurately has encouraged many advertisers to shift more of their budgets towards digital platforms.

In recent research, Du and his colleagues developed a new way to measure the real impact of television advertising using digital data. Working with LG, they analysed viewing behaviour from millions of households that had agreed to share data through their smart TVs. Because these devices are connected to the internet, researchers could track exactly what people were watching and when, across broadcast networks such as NBC and ABC. However, the study did not include streaming services like Amazon or Hulu.

By linking TV exposure data with purchasing behaviour from a food delivery service, the researchers were able to study advertising effects in detail. They found that traditional methods had significantly overestimated the effectiveness of TV ads by as much as 55%. However, the analysis also revealed useful insights. Promotions such as coupons were highly effective, increasing the likelihood that first-time customers would make another purchase. Timing also mattered: viewers were more responsive to ads shortly after making a purchase, suggesting that well-timed advertising can reinforce consumer habits.

The type of programming viewers watched also influenced their behaviour. People who watched more news were less likely to order food delivery, possibly because they tend to be older or less engaged with such services. In contrast, frequent sports viewers—often younger audiences—were more likely to respond positively to ads. The study also showed that advertising is most effective when customers are already somewhat familiar with a brand. After two to four purchases, consumers are at a critical point where targeted ads can help turn occasional buyers into loyal customers.

Overall, this research demonstrates that better data can significantly improve how television advertising is measured and used. By connecting ad exposure directly to household purchasing behaviour, advertisers can make more informed decisions and reduce wasted spending. At the same time, viewers may benefit from more relevant and less repetitive advertising. As television continues to evolve, combining traditional media with digital insights may offer a more accurate and efficient way forward for both advertisers and audiences.

More information: Tsung-Yiou Hsieh et al, Leveraging Large-Scale Granular Single-Source Data for TV Advertising: An Identification Strategy, Marketing Science. DOI: 10.1287/mksc.2023.0582

Journal information: Marketing Science Provided by University of Texas at Austin